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Britannia Planers
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Britannia Home   Ornamental Turning Attachments   Lathe No. 3 Photographs
Early 1930s Model

The Britannia planer was not greatly different to any of a number of other similar-sized machines on the market during the later years of the 19th century; however, the drive system (though not unique) was ingeniously arranged. A countershaft unit with a 3-section "fast-and-loose" pulley set was driven by a single belt that passed between two striker "hooks"; the hooks were controlled by a mechanism linked into the machine's motion in such a way that they could throw the belt from one outside pulley to the other. If the belt-shifting mechanism was disengaged, the belt came to rest on the centre pulley that, being free to spin on the shaft, stopped the feed.
Reference to one of the photographs below will show what appears to be a single shaft emerging from the drive pulleys and carrying two pinion gears, each engaged with its own crown wheel; in fact, there are two shafts, running concentrically one within the other - and each independently driven by one or other of the outer pulleys.
With the belt positioned in the middle, or idle, position the drive was started by lifting a lever that engaged the belt-shifting mechanism and positioned the belt on the right-hand pulley. This pulley drove the outer of the two pinion gears that caused the table to be driven, at cutting speed, under the tool box. As the table came to the end of its travel a trip bar caused the belt shifter to fling the belt across to the left-hand pulley, and so engage the drive to the inner of the two pinions. Being "higher-geared" this returned the table at high speed to its starting point with the tool-carrying clapper box being knocked backwards on its hinge as the workpiece passed beneath it; from the returned position, the cycle automatically began again.
For hand feeds a large-diameter wheel, with capstan-like handles, with was fitted to the input shaft - let us hope that this could be disengaged whilst the planer was being used under power …..
The cutter head was also power fed across the job by the use of a simple ratchet feed, operated by a long rod that reached down and engaged with the table-drive mechanism..

Britannia "self-acting" planer with automatic table drive and quick-reverse mechanism.

A Milnes planer fitted with a drive system identical to that used on the Britannia.

Britannia No. 8 Planing Machine with a 12 foot long by 25-inches wide bed. Built to special order only, this was one of the company's largest planers, the tool able to travel 8 feet horizontally and 39 inches laterally.

Britannia No. 6 Planing machine.
This was a heavily-built machine, able to plane a piece of metal 4 feet long, 2 feet wide and 2 feet high. The table, which ran on V ways, was carefully designed to allow the clamping of unusually-shaped workpieces, being made unusually thick, and carrying T slots both longitudinally and cross-ways.
The table feed was automatically reversed at high speed, but by an enclosed gear mechanism, rather than by an arrangement of belts and crown-wheel and pinions as in the company's smaller machines.
The No. 7 planer was very similar, but had a planing capacity of 6 feet, by 2 feet 6 inches by 2 feet 6 inches.

The Planer

At one time the planer was considered an indispensable part of any machine shop; using very inexpensive tooling they were able to machine large components with relative ease. Some examples were gigantic, with beds fifty or sixty feet long and able to accommodate work sixteen feet high, whilst other were fitted with either fixed or pivoting grinding or milling heads in place of the ordinary "clapper-box" tool holder and so became known as "planer-millers" or "planer-grinders" - or, in some regions, "plano-millers"and "plano-grinders". On larger examples it was common to find more than one tool box fitted; the cross-rail (or cross-head) would often carry two, side by side, with several extra ones sometimes mounted at the bottom and sides of the cross-rail support columns. In addition, even smaller examples were sometime fitted with two cross heads, often adjustable in position along the bed and each fitted with multiple toolboxes.
Some planers were made "open-sided" to accommodate even larger jobs that could hang over one edge of the table, and as the species developed it became increasingly difficult to differentiate between planers and true millers - examples made by the huge American Niles-Bement-Pond Company included:
Multiple Spindle Horizontal Milling Machines, Horizontal Slab Milling Machines, Horizontal Slab milling machine, Rod Milling and Fluting Machine, Duplex Milling Machines, Forge Milling Machines, Plate Planers, Rotary Planers and End Milling Machines. Although the name changed according to the specific use, the principal of operation remained essentially the same, a long sliding table passing beneath (or between) single or multiple cuttings heads.
Variations on the theme include
Pit and Breast planers where the workpiece rested in a pit (or on a massive table) and the columns carrying the cross-rail and toolheads were made to travel over it; these huge machines were generally reserved for heavier kinds of armour-plate work.
Planers have been made in almost every size increment imaginable, the smallest being tiny hand-operated units designed for bench mounting.  Although rare, examples of planers suitable for the smaller workshop do occasionally turn up and are very sought after, not only for their novelty and historical value, but because they are still capable of their original task - the economical machining of large components in a limited space.


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E-MAIL   Tony@lathes.co.uk   

Britannia Planers
Click Here for Shapers

   Lathes Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6   Lathes Nos. 8 & 13   Lathes 14, 15 & 16
Lathes Nos. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25 & 29   Shapers & Planers   Millers
Britannia Home   Ornamental Turning Attachments   Lathe No. 3 Photographs
Early 1930s Model